Not really occult, but if would like a few more options, here are some to consider:
1) The "Psmiths" write very interesting book reviews, and the husband of the duo is pretty into math, so many of his reviews touch on it from a more intuitive, deep-understanding way. The latest by him touches on the efforts of an early "AI" researcher to teach kids math using a computer programming language, but along the way he links to other relevant reviews and includes a discussion on how much of "intelligence" is innate versus can be developed and so forth: https://www.thepsmiths.com/p/review-mindstorms-by-seymour-papert
2) Mind Performance Hacks and Mindhacker by Ron and Marty Hale-Evans are collections of techniques for doing various cognitive tasks better, from memory to coming up with novel ideas to focus and more. Their stated goal is to come up with the skills to "be a mentat," though there's less focus in these books on raw calculation than Dune implies for the mentat.
3) Though they tend to be less focused on mathematical models specifically, there's a whole literature on "mental models" for improved clarity in thinking and decision-making. The concept was at least partially pioneered and popularized by Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett's business partner, so often the presentation of such assumes you're looking for useful ways of thinking about business, but many are generally useful. The blog Farnam Street has done a lot on them and has published a series of lovely books explaining the most useful ones.
4) The short essay "A Mathematician's Lament" by Paul Lockhart was written by a research mathematician turned math teacher about how the way our culture teaches math stifles all of what is beautiful and interesting about math, and proposes some better approaches. Lockhart has also written some other books on mathematical concepts, like Arithmetic and Measurement, which I understand as trying to get at what these fields of math are doing at a foundational level, but in a way understandable to non-specialists, but I haven't read them yet, so I can't speak to how useful they might be.
5) Though he went publicly dark a while back, Eric Weinstein (brother of his by-now better known brother Bret Weinstein) is a mathematician by training and thinks he has come up with a "theory of everything" that solves various inconsistencies/problems with the mathematical models of fundamental physics. I've listened to some of his talks on the subject, but they went waaaay over my head. I mention him because he has said that his way of approaching math and thinking about it is very different from almost every other serious mathematician he's met, so perhaps his explanations or descriptions of intuitions could spark some novel approaches.
6) Rather tangentially related, but The Art of Learning by Josh Waitzkin is a lovely book on the process of learning a field deeply, drawn from his experiences as first a youth chess champion, and then a world champion at Tai Qi Quan Push Hands. It's not about math, but he tries to derive principles about learning that apply across fields. It's very abstractness might be a help in this case.
Hope these help, and good luck in your pursuits! Jeff
Re: Regarding the increased use of hidden potential
1) The "Psmiths" write very interesting book reviews, and the husband of the duo is pretty into math, so many of his reviews touch on it from a more intuitive, deep-understanding way. The latest by him touches on the efforts of an early "AI" researcher to teach kids math using a computer programming language, but along the way he links to other relevant reviews and includes a discussion on how much of "intelligence" is innate versus can be developed and so forth: https://www.thepsmiths.com/p/review-mindstorms-by-seymour-papert
2) Mind Performance Hacks and Mindhacker by Ron and Marty Hale-Evans are collections of techniques for doing various cognitive tasks better, from memory to coming up with novel ideas to focus and more. Their stated goal is to come up with the skills to "be a mentat," though there's less focus in these books on raw calculation than Dune implies for the mentat.
3) Though they tend to be less focused on mathematical models specifically, there's a whole literature on "mental models" for improved clarity in thinking and decision-making. The concept was at least partially pioneered and popularized by Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett's business partner, so often the presentation of such assumes you're looking for useful ways of thinking about business, but many are generally useful. The blog Farnam Street has done a lot on them and has published a series of lovely books explaining the most useful ones.
4) The short essay "A Mathematician's Lament" by Paul Lockhart was written by a research mathematician turned math teacher about how the way our culture teaches math stifles all of what is beautiful and interesting about math, and proposes some better approaches. Lockhart has also written some other books on mathematical concepts, like Arithmetic and Measurement, which I understand as trying to get at what these fields of math are doing at a foundational level, but in a way understandable to non-specialists, but I haven't read them yet, so I can't speak to how useful they might be.
5) Though he went publicly dark a while back, Eric Weinstein (brother of his by-now better known brother Bret Weinstein) is a mathematician by training and thinks he has come up with a "theory of everything" that solves various inconsistencies/problems with the mathematical models of fundamental physics. I've listened to some of his talks on the subject, but they went waaaay over my head. I mention him because he has said that his way of approaching math and thinking about it is very different from almost every other serious mathematician he's met, so perhaps his explanations or descriptions of intuitions could spark some novel approaches.
6) Rather tangentially related, but The Art of Learning by Josh Waitzkin is a lovely book on the process of learning a field deeply, drawn from his experiences as first a youth chess champion, and then a world champion at Tai Qi Quan Push Hands. It's not about math, but he tries to derive principles about learning that apply across fields. It's very abstractness might be a help in this case.
Hope these help, and good luck in your pursuits!
Jeff